Qur’an and its preservation through chain of oral tradition

The Glorious Qur’an, the Muslims’ religious Scripture, was revealed in Arabic to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through the Angel Gabriel (peace be upon him). The revelation occurred piecemeal, over a period of 23 years, sometimes in brief verses and sometimes in longer chapters.[1]
The Qur’an (lit. a ‘reading’ or ‘recitation’) is distinct from the recorded sayings and deeds (Sunnah) of the Prophet (peace be upon him), which are instead preserved in a separate set of literature collectively called the Ahadith (lit. ‘news,’ ‘report,’ or ‘narration’).
Upon receiving revelation, the Prophet (peace be upon him) engaged himself in the duty of conveying the message to his Companions (may Allah bless them all) through reciting the exact words he heard in their exact order. This is evident in his inclusion of even the words of God which were directed specifically to him, for example: “Qul” (“Say [to the people, O Muhammad]”). The Qur’an’s rhythmic style and eloquent expression make it easy to memorize. Indeed, God describes this as one of its essential qualities for preservation and remembrance (Qur’an, 44:58; 54:17, 22, 32, 40), particularly in an Arab society, which prided itself on orations of lengthy pieces of poetry. Michael Zwettler notes that: “In ancient times, when writing was scarcely used, memory and oral transmission was exercised and strengthened to a degree now almost unknown.”[2]
Large portions of the revelation were thus easily memorized by a large number of people in the community of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
The Prophet (peace be upon him) encouraged his Companions to learn each verse that was revealed and transmit it to others.[3] The Qur’an was also required to be recited regularly as an act of worship, especially during the daily meditative prayers (salah). Through these means, many repeatedly heard passages from the revelation recited to them, memorized them and used them in prayer. The entire Qur’an was memorized verbatim (word for word) by some of the Prophet’s Companions. Among them were Zaid ibn Thabit, Ubayy ibn Kaab, Muadh ibn Jabal, and Abu Zaid.[4]
Not only were the words of the Qur’an memorized, but also their pronunciation, which later formed into a science called Tajweed. This science meticulously elucidates how each letter is to be pronounced, as well as the word as a whole, both in context of other letters and words. Today, we can find people of all different languages able to recite the Qur’an as if they are Arabs themselves, living during the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
Furthermore, the sequence or order of the Qur’an was arranged by the Prophet (peace be upon him) himself and was also well-known to the Companions.[5] Each Ramadan, the Prophet (peace be upon him) would repeat after the angel Gabriel (reciting) the entire Qur’an in its exact order as far as it had been revealed, while in the presence of a number of his Companions.[6] In the year of his death, he recited it twice.[7] Thereby, the order of verses in each chapter and the order of the chapters became reinforced in the memories of each of the Companions present.
As the Companions spread out to various provinces with different populations, they took their recitations with them in order to instruct others.[8] In this way, the same Qur’an became widely retained in the memories of many people across vast and diverse areas of land.
Indeed, memorization of the Qur’an emerged into a continuous tradition across the centuries, with centers/schools for memorization being established across the Muslim world.[9] In these schools, students learn and memorize the Qur’an along with its tajweed, at the feet of a master who in turn acquired the knowledge from his teacher, an ‘un-broken chain’ going all the way back to the Prophet of God. The process usually takes 3-6 years. After mastery is achieved and the recitation checked for lack of errors, a person is granted a formal license (ijaza) certifying he has mastered the rules of recitation and can now recite the Qur’an the way it was recited by Muhammad, the Prophet of God (peace be upo him).
A.T. Welch, a non-Muslim orientalist, writes: “For Muslims, the Qur’an is much more than scripture or sacred literature in the usual Western sense. Its primary significance for the vast majority through the centuries has been in its oral form, the form in which it first appeared, as the “recitation” chanted by Muhammad to his followers over a period of about 20 years… The revelations were memorized by some of Muhammad’s followers during his lifetime, and the oral tradition that was thus established has had a continuous history ever since, in some ways independent of, and superior to, the written Qur’an... Through the centuries the oral tradition of the entire Qur’an has been maintained by the professional reciters (qurraa). Until recently, the significance of the recited Qur’an has seldom been fully appreciated in the West.”[10]
The Qur’an is perhaps the only book, religious or secular, that has been memorized completely by millions of people.[11]
Leading orientalist, Kenneth Cragg, reflects that: “…this phenomenon of Qur’anic recital means that the text has traversed the centuries in an unbroken living sequence of devotion. It cannot, therefore, be handled as an antiquarian thing, nor as a historical document out of a distant past. The fact of hifdh (Qur’anic memorization) has made the Qur’an a present possession through all the lapse of Muslim time and given it a human currency in every generation, never allowing its relegation to a bare authority for reference alone.”[12]

1. Muhammad Hamidullah, Introduction to Islam, London: MWH Publishers, 1979, p.17.
2. Michael Zwettler, The Oral Tradition of Classical Arabic Poetry, Ohio State Press, 1978, p.14.
3. Saheeh Al-Bukhari Vol.6, Hadith No.546.
4. Saheeh Al-Bukhari Vol.6, Hadith No.525.
5. Ahmad von Denffer, Ulum Al-Qur’an, The Islamic Foundation, UK, 1983, p.41-42; Arthur Jeffery, Materials for the History of the Text of the Qur’an, Leiden: Brill, 1937, p.31.
6. Saheeh Al-Bukhari Vol.6, Hadith No.519.
7. Saheeh Al-Bukhari Vol.6, Hadith Nos.518 & 520.
8. Ibn Hisham, Seerah Al-Nabi, Cairo, n.d., Vol.1, p.199.
9. Labib as-Said, The Recited Qur’an, translated by Morroe Berger, A. Rauf, and Bernard Weiss, Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1975, p.59.
10. The Encyclopedia of Islam, ‘The Qur’an in Muslim Life and Thought.’
11. William Graham, Beyond the Written Word, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.80.
12. Kenneth Cragg, The Mind of the Qur’an, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1973, p.26.

• Courtesy: islamreligion.com