LONDON: Iran is stepping up a crackdown against anti-government protests that pose the most audacious challenge to its clerical leadership since 2009. Following are the factors that have brought Iranians to the streets and the challenges the authorities face.
How serious are the protests?
The demonstrations, which began last week, are the most serious since the unrest in 2009 that followed the disputed re-election of then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
Political protests are rare in Iran, where security services are pervasive. And yet tens of thousands of people have protested across the country since Thursday.
Unlike the pro-reform demonstrations of 2009, the latest protests appear more spontaneous and do not seem to be orchestrated by leaders who can be identified and rounded up by the authorities.
Calls made across the country for an end to economic hardship and alleged corruption are especially sensitive because Iranian leaders often portray the 1979 revolution which overthrew the US-backed Shah as a revolt by the poor against exploitation and oppression.
Although there are a variety of demands from different classes of society, videos posted on social media suggest young, working-class people make up the biggest numbers.
That could be more dangerous for the authorities because they have regarded the less well-off as loyal to the country, as opposed to the more middle-class protesters who took to the streets nine years ago.
According to official figures, 90 percent of those arrested were under 25 years old. Many young people are much more interested in jobs and change than in the religious idealism and anti-west sentiment that the old guard clings to.
Why cannot the government find a quick solution?
The government’s main challenge is to find a way to suppress the protests without provoking more anger as demonstrators attack police stations, banks and mosques.
Hard-line measures could agitate those Iranians who have been calling for the downfall of the clerical leadership, including Khamenei.
Authorities want to take control while avoiding a repeat of 2009. In June that year, a video showing protester Neda Agha-Soltan’s last moments after being shot in the chest made her an icon of the opposition movement.
The state has a powerful security apparatus but so far it has refrained from sending in the elite Revolutionary Guards, the Basij militia and plain-clothed security forces, which crushed the 2009 uprising and killed dozens of protesters.
Still, prolonged demonstrations could force the government to act. Iran’s leaders believe they can count on support from many of the generation that took part as youths in the 1979 revolution because of their ideological commitment and the economic gains they have made under the government, analysts say.
What are the main demands of the protesters?
Iranians across the country want higher wages and an end to alleged graft. But as the unrest has spread, protesters have directed their anger at the religious establishment.
Many also question the wisdom of Iran’s foreign policy in the Middle East, where it has intervened in Syria and Iraq.
The country’s financial support for Palestinians and the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah also angered Iranians, who want their government to focus on domestic economic problems instead.
Some demonstrators even shouted “Reza Shah, bless your soul” — a reference to Iran’s ruler from 1925 to 1941, and his Pahlavi dynasty which was overthrown by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Islamic Republic’s first leader.
What are Iran’s economic prospects?
President Hassan Rouhani championed a deal struck with world powers in 2015 to curb Iran’s nuclear program in return for the lifting of most international sanctions. However, he has failed to deliver on promises of prosperity in an oil-producing country where youth unemployment reached 28.8 percent this year.
Still, the economy has improved under Rouhani’s government and it is no longer in dire straits.
Inflation dropped into single digits for the first time in about a quarter century in June 2016. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth soared to 12.5 percent in the year to March 20, 2017, although this was almost entirely due to a leap in oil exports.
However, growth has been too slow for the overwhelmingly youthful population.
Iran’s recovery has been curbed by tensions with the US. President Donald Trump has raised the possibility that sanctions could be reimposed or new ones introduced.
What has brought Iranian protesters onto the streets?
What has brought Iranian protesters onto the streets?
